Receipts 2021 august software#
GraphPad Prism software (version 9.3.0 GraphPad Software, Inc) was used for analyses and visualization. Results were considered statistically significant for p-values <0.05. ††† The grand means (means of relative monthly treatment disparities) were calculated, and t-tests for statistical difference from zero, with p-values indicated as p t, were used to assess presence of overall relative treatment disparities. Second, relative monthly treatment disparities were calculated as the difference in percentage of patients treated between racial or ethnic minority (Black, Asian, Other for race Hispanic ethnicity) and majority (White non-Hispanic) groups divided by the percentage treated in the majority groups for each month.
First, pairwise Wilcoxon signed rank tests, with p-values indicated as p w, were used to assess whether treatment receipt differed systematically over time (systematic temporal differences) by race or ethnicity. Differences in treatment by race and ethnicity were assessed in two ways. The monthly percentage of patients with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result who received mAb (November 2020–August 2021) and of inpatients with a SARS-CoV-2 positive test result who received dexamethasone or remdesivir (March 2020–August 2021) was calculated separately by race and by ethnicity (as aggregated in PCORnet) for adults aged ≥20 years. The PCORnet-distributed data infrastructure was queried, ¶¶ and 41 sites*** returned data on monthly receipt of medications for COVID-19 treatment during March 2020–August 2021. Equitable receipt of outpatient treatments, such as mAb and antiviral medications, and implementation of prevention practices are essential to reducing existing racial and ethnic inequities in severe COVID-19–associated illness and death. Public health policies and programs centered around the specific needs of communities can promote health equity ( 4). Vaccines and preventive measures are the best defense against infection use of COVID-19 medications postexposure or postinfection can reduce morbidity and mortality and relieve strain on hospitals but are not a substitute for COVID-19 vaccination.
Among inpatients, disparities were different and of lesser magnitude: Hispanic inpatients received dexamethasone 6% less often than did non-Hispanic inpatients, and Black inpatients received remdesivir 9% more often than did White inpatients. Hispanic patients received mAb 58% less often than did non-Hispanic patients, and Black, Asian, or Other race patients received mAb 22%, 48%, and 47% less often, respectively, than did White patients during November 2020–August 2021. Among all patients with positive SARS-CoV-2 test results, the overall use of mAb was infrequent, with mean monthly use at 4% or less for all racial and ethnic groups. Relative disparities in mAb** treatment among all patients †† (805,276) with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result and in dexamethasone and remdesivir treatment among inpatients §§ (120,204) with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result were calculated.
health care systems that participated in the PCORnet, the National Patient-Centered Clinical Research Network, ¶ this study assessed receipt of medications for COVID-19 treatment by race (White, Black, Asian, and Other races ) and ethnicity (Hispanic or non-Hispanic). Using COVID-19 patient electronic health record data from 41 U.S. No large-scale studies have yet examined the use of mAb by race and ethnicity. † Dexamethasone, a commonly used steroid, and remdesivir, an antiviral drug that received EUA from FDA in May 2020, are used in inpatient settings and help prevent COVID-19 progression § ( 2). mAbs are typically administered in an outpatient setting via intravenous infusion or subcutaneous injection and can prevent progression of COVID-19 if given after a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result or for postexposure prophylaxis in patients at high risk for severe illness. Monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapies against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, initially received Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in November 2020. Equitable use of effective medications ( 2) could reduce disparities in these severe outcomes ( 3). The COVID-19 pandemic has magnified longstanding health care and social inequities, resulting in disproportionately high COVID-19–associated illness and death among members of racial and ethnic minority groups ( 1).
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